<p class="p1">COVID-19 has succeeded in bringing much of the world to a screeching halt. There have been over 44 million reported cases, with over 1.6 million deaths worldwide. It has also decimated economies as a result of the shutdowns and restrictions on certain activities.</p>
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<p class="p1">The world’s leading drug manufacturers and researchers are attempting to create a vaccine that will allow us to return to normal. Unlike the development of most vaccines, world leaders have pressed to get a vaccine fast.</p>
<p class="p1">There are several COVID-19 vaccine trials in various phases going on right now. What types of vaccine categories are being tested and how would they work?</p>
<p class="p1">We go over some of the most promising candidates.</p>
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<p class="p2"><b>A Look at the Types of Vaccine Categories</b></p>
<p class="p1">There are several COVID-19 vaccine categories. Each type works in different ways. In some cases, different drugs are being combined to create a new vaccine. Here are the basic types of vaccines and how they work.</p>
<p class="p3"><b>Inactivated Vaccine</b></p>
<p class="p1">This treatment starts by killing a whole virus. The inactivated version is then used to create a vaccine. This allows your body’s immune system to recognize and kill the virus when it sees it. There are many medicines that use this approach, including the polio vaccine.</p>
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<p class="p3"><b>Sub-unit Vaccine</b></p>
<p class="p1">This method uses a piece of the virus, such as a protein, to create a vaccine. Hepatitis and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines use this approach.</p>
<p class="p3"><b>Weakened, Live Viral Vaccine</b></p>
<p class="p1">Here the virus is grown in a lab. The virus eventually becomes better at growing in the lab, making it less capable of reproducing in people. The measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox vaccines all use this method.</p>
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<p class="p3"><b>Replicating Viral Vector Vaccine</b></p>
<p class="p1">This method uses a virus that doesn’t result in a disease in people &#8211; it&#8217;s called a virus vector. A new gene code is then created in the virus vector. Most of the potential COVID-19 vaccines use a coronavirus spike protein.</p>
<p class="p1">The spike protein attaches to the virus vector and then it reproduces in the cells. This causes the immune system to create antibodies to the COVID-19 spike protein.</p>
<p class="p1">Researchers created the Ebola vaccine using this method.</p>
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<p class="p2"><b>FDA Fast Track Testing</b></p>
<p class="p1">The <a href="https://www.fda.gov/patients/fast-track-breakthrough-therapy-accelerated-approval-priority-review/fast-track"><span class="s1">FDA Fast Track process</span></a> works to help with the testing and review of possible vaccines and new drugs.</p>
<p class="p1">A drug must meet certain qualifications to be fast-tracked. Above all, it must be for a disease that has no current therapy. It must also show advantages over similar therapies or vaccines.</p>
<p class="p1">Several potential COVID-19 vaccines have been “fast-tracked”.</p>
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<p class="p2"><b>Promising Drugs Under Trial</b></p>
<p class="p1">Let’s take a look at some of the drugs that are being developed. Many of these are in Phase 3 vaccine trials. Phase 3 means that thousands of people can take the drug in a controlled environment.</p>
<p class="p1"><b>AZD1222</b> (AstraZeneca-Oxford)</p>
<p class="p1">This is a replication-deficient viral vector vaccine. It uses an adenovirus from a chimpanzee. Preliminary testing has shown an “acceptable safety profile”, with all patients showing a positive response after two doses.</p>
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<p class="p1"><b>CoronaVac</b> (Sinovac)</p>
<p class="p1">This drug is an inactivated vaccine. So far, the various trials appear to show it is safe with older trial participants. No serious adverse effects have been reported.</p>
<p class="p1"><b>JNJ-78436735</b> (Johnson &; Johnson)</p>
<p class="p1">This is a non-replicating viral vector vaccine. Johnson &; Johnson plans to enroll up to 60,000 people in a Phase 3 trial. According to releases, a single injection seems to show “robust neutralization antibody responses and provided complete…protection”.</p>
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<p class="p1"><b>mRNA-1273</b> (Moderna)</p>
<p class="p1">This is an mRNA-based vaccine. It’s based on studies of similar coronaviruses like SARS and MERS.</p>
<p class="p1">mRNA vaccines work by training the body to recognize the proteins attached to a virus. Unlike vaccines that use inactivated doses of the virus, mRNA drugs trick your body into producing viral proteins on its own. This helps your immune system fight off infection.</p>
<p class="p1">According to Moderna, the vaccine showed &#8220;neutralizing activity and limited inflammation&#8221; in mice. It&#8217;s been fast-tracked for Phase 3 trials. <a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/02/mysterious-2-billion-biotech-revealing-secrets-behind-its-new-drugs-and-vaccines"><span class="s1">Moderna Co-Founder Kenneth Chien</span></a> sees much hope for an effective COVID-19 vaccine in the near future.</p>
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<p class="p1"><b>NVX-CoV2373</b> (Novavax)</p>
<p class="p1">This is a nanoparticle vaccine. Early phase trials showed that participants who received multiple doses had a favorable safety profile. The company plans to manufacture 1 billion doses by 2021.</p>
<p class="p1">The drug is now in Phase 3 trials in the U.K. with 10,000 participants involved in the study.</p>
<p class="p1"><b>Bacillus Calmette-Guerin</b> (University of Melbourne &; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute)</p>
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<p class="p1">This vaccine was originally created to prevent tuberculosis (TB) in people who have a higher risk. It works by boosting the immune system to fight infections.</p>
<p class="p1">The Phase 3 trial is being conducted with over 4,000 healthcare workers in hospitals in Australia. There is another Phase 3 trial in the Netherlands, with around 1,500 healthcare workers.</p>
<p class="p1"><b>BNT162</b> (Pfizer/BioNTech)</p>
<p class="p1">This drug is another mRNA-based vaccine. Pfizer and BioNTech received FDA Fast Track designation for two vaccines, BNT162b1 and BNT162b2. The latter will now advance to Phase 2 and 3 trials as it had a better immune response and better tolerability.</p>
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<p class="p1">The companies asked the FDA to allow an expanded protocol with 44,000 participants in a Phase 3 trial. If effective, that would mean the vaccine could be ready for use as soon as December.</p>
<p class="p1"><b>Covaxin</b> (Bharat Biotech)</p>
<p class="p1">This Indian biotechnology company is partnering with the National Institute of Virology to develop an inactivated vaccine. In Phase 1, rhesus macaques took the vaccine. A study showed an &#8220;increase in neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral replication&#8221;.</p>
<p class="p1">It was also tested on a small group of fifty people. The results were encouraging. Covaxin is entering Phase 2 trials now.</p>
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<p class="p2"><b>Finally, Some Promising News About COVID-19</b></p>
<p class="p1">There is a reason to hope that we will have effective and safe types of vaccines for COVID-19 soon. Some of the brightest minds are working hard to create possible candidates. With the Fast Track process, we could have a drug quicker than you might have guessed.</p>
<p class="p1">Looking for other &#8220;hopeful&#8221; news? Be sure to check out our site for other positive stories about health/medicine, science, technology, and world news.</p>

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